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[Immelman]

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[Immelman]

Немного истории

In 1989 a Berlin disk jockey brought together 150 fans of electronic music for a modest party. Thirteen years later it has become the Love Parade,” an enormous festival that draws a million young people to dance to the rhythm of techno music. The Berlin Love Parade is already being imitated in Paris, Zurich, Geneva, and Newcastle. A Love Parade was planned for Moscow in 2001, but the mayor’s office canceled it, issuing a statement that the festival would encourage debauchery and that homosexuality was immoral. The mayor may have confused the Love Parade with the Gay Pride Parade, for which he also refused permission. In many countries homosexuality remains a source of discrimination and violence.

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[Immelman]

Istanbul, formerly Constantinople, lies on both sides of the Bosporus Strait, which separates Europe and Asia. On the western bank lies Hagia Sophia, built between 532 and 537 A.D. during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Justinian. The basilica is crowned by a majestic cupola more than 98 feet (30 m) in diameter and rising 184 feet (56 m) in the air, a technical marvel at the time. After Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, Hagia Sophia was transformed into a mosque, and four minarets were added to its initial structure. In 1934, on the order of the government of the nonsectarian Turkish Republic, it became a museum, and most of its magnificent Byzantine mosaics have been restored. Christian for nine centuries, Muslim for more than 500 years, Hagia Sophia illustrates the contrasting destiny of Istanbul, the only city in the world that is divided between two continents. Christianity has 2 billion followers around the world, nearly twice the figure for Islam, which has 1.2 billion followers. However, according to demographic forecasts, this proportion could be reversed by the end of the twenty-first century.
The city of Pamukkale in western Anatolia has warm-water springs that are rich in mineral salts, celebrated since antiquity for their curative properties. In 129 B.C. the Romans here established the city of Hierapolis. It suffered four earthquakes and was rebuilt several times, before it declined under the Byzantine Empire. Today the archaeological site of Hierapolis attracts many visitors. A hotel was built on the ruins of an ancient holy fountain; its pool, the bottom of which is littered with fragments of Roman columns, is a favorite with tourists. Hierapolis-Pamukkale was declared a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1988. Its landscape was distorted for a long time by the presence of numerous tourist facilities. The demolition of a number of hotels, planned since 1992, was carried out in late 2001.

The chain of volcanoes in Anatolia takes up 8 percent of the land in Turkey. One of them is the Hasan Dagi, which is situated not far from Ilhara, and is a gently sloping volcanic cone rising to a height of 3,268 meters (10,700 feet). In the Neolithic era, the prosperity of this region depended largely on the exploitation of obsidian, a sharp volcanic glass which was invaluable for making weapons and tools. Volcanic activity is also the indirect source of an extraordinary geological formation in the Anatolian landscape, the fairy chimneys. These cavities were carved out of peaks sculpted by the erosion of the layer of tuff (formed over the centuries by the ash and mud belched out by volcanoes) which covered the ground. They were used by the hermits of early Christianity for shelter, then as richly decorated chapels which have now been abandoned. Volcanism and seismic activity remain particularly active in this region; in August 1999 a major earthquake killed several thousand people.

The area between the modern Turkish capital, Ankara, andHattushash, the capital of the ancient Hittite Empire thatdominated the region 3,000 years ago, sums up the evolution ofTurkish agriculture over the last few decades of the twentiethcentury (and of the Near East in general over the last fewmillennia). The expansion and diversification of crops (ornamentalplants, fruits, and grains) have restricted the activities ofanimal breeders. Under pressure from government and the market,they have focused on cattle-raising, resulting in a rapid decreasein the number of sheep and goats. Transhumance and nomadism are ontheir way to extinction. Today Turkey has fewer than 100,000nomadic people, all of whom belong to tribes in eastern Anatoliaor the Taurus in southern Turkey. These changes in agriculturealso herald the end of 10,000 years of agriculture and animalraising (the oldest traces have just been found in Cyprus)evolving together and fighting one another.

Over the last two decades of the twentieth century, farming was increasingly handed over to women, and 40 percent of the world’s agricultural work force is now female. A striking example of this is Turkey, where about 80 percent of working women are employed in farming, outnumbering men. The latter have deserted the countryside for the cities in search of better-paid work and a chance to climb the social ladder, but return to help the women during the busy sowing and harvesting times. Their seasonal migration recalls that of the workers in the Creuse and Limousin regions of France, who built the Paris Metro and many of the city’s freestone buildings at the beginning of the twentieth century. It is an irony of modernization that this traditional division of tasks only deepens the inequality between women and men.

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[Immelman]

Всеми любимая USA

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[Immelman]

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[Immelman]

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[Immelman]

И наконец... : )

Located in southern Kamchatka in Siberia, Mutnovsky is actuallymade up of two juxtaposed volcanoes. It rises to a height of 7,622feet (2,324 m) and has two crater lakes at its summit. In the past150 years this volcanic pair has experienced fifteen eruptions,the most recent of which occurred in 1961. Today its activity islimited to the emission of sulfurous gases or wisps of smoke at1100° F (600° C). Created less than 1 million years ago,Kamchatka Peninsula is geologically quite young. It is located ona subduction zone, where the Pacific tectonic plate submergesunder the Eurasia plate. The peninsula has 160 volcanoes, of which30 are active, which were declared a world heritage site by UNESCOin 1996. An estimated 1,400 volcanoes in the world are capable oferupting at any time; 60 percent of them are located on the rim ofthe Pacific Ocean, called the “fire belt.”

At the eastern tip of Siberia, Kamchatka Peninsula spreads over nearly 145,000 square miles (370,000 km2). This region of Russia is ruled by nature, and humankind is barely present (the population density is below 1 person per km2). The peninsula is geologically very young (less than 1 million years) and has 160 volcanoes, including thirty that remain active; they were declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996. Kronotskaya Volcano is one of the highest, at 11,570 feet (3,528 m). The 3,500 square miles (9,000 km2) of the Kronotski Reserve are home to several protected species: the Kamchatka brown bear, lynx, sable, and fox. Facing Kamchatka across the Bering Strait, Alaska offers a similar landscape. Twenty-six thousand years ago small groups of people crossed the strait, at that time dry land, and gradually populated all of the Americas. The Sioux, the Inca, and the Guarani are all descendants of the people from Kamchatka.

A mountainous peninsula of volcanic origin at Siberia’s far eastern end, Kamchatka is a place apart in the Russian Federation. It is remote from the capital—by more than 3,700 miles (6,000 km)—and the Russian authorities have done little to encourage its development since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Yet Kamchatka plays a part in Russian economic life, thanks to its forest and agricultural resources, the development of its coastal towns, and its fisheries. The population is concentrated in the towns and consists largely of Russians, who mingle with older residents such as the Kamchadales. These nomads, also known as Itelmens, have retained their traditional way of life and live chiefly from fishing. Only about 18,000 are thought to remain of a people who were once the most numerous on the peninsula.

At the confluence of the Samara and Volga rivers, the industrial town of Samara stretches some distance with its machine industry, petrochemical, aeronautics, and food industry plants. Samara—formerly called Kuibyshev—was where the Soviet government took refuge during the Nazi invasion. Later, the town reverted to its Russian identity—witness this recent church, which rises in front of the apartment blocks of the industrial city. In 1914, more than 50,000 churches were still active; by 1941, after closures and demolitions, fewer than 1,000 were still open to worshipers. State and religion were reconciled in 1988, during the millennium celebrations of the baptism of Russia. Since then, churches have been opening constantly in the country. Russian Orthodox, Catholics, Baptists, Jews, and even Hare Krishnas now have legal status. Today’s freedom of worship might almost have effaced yesterday’s religious persecution. But the repairs, restoration, and new reconstruction are a visible reminder that yesterday was not long ago.

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[Immelman]

Рождение бабочки : )


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[Immelman]

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[Immelman]

Тухлыми помидорами не кидаццо, Миядзаки я уважаю. Но картинка понравилась : )

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